ROMAN BATTLES:

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1st century

The Roman Empire under Augustus: The Republic in 31 BC (yellow) and Augustus's conquests (shades of green). Client states are in pink.

• Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (9) – German leader Arminius ambushes three Roman legions under Publius Quinctilius Varus.

• Battle of the Weser River (16) - Legions under Germanicus defeat German tribes of Arminius.

• Roman conquest of Britain (43-96) 

  • 43 – Battle of the Medway – Claudius and general Aulus Plautius defeat a confederation of British Celtic tribes. Roman invasion of Britain begins

  • 50 – Battle of Caer Caradoc – British chieftain Caractacus is defeated and captured by the Romans under Ostorius Scapula.

  • 71 - Battle of Scotch Corner

  • 84 – Battle of Mons Graupius. Romans under Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeat the Caledonians.

• Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 

  • 58 – Sack of Artaxata by Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo during the Roman–Parthian War over Armenia

  • 49 – The Siege of Uspe – Roman auxiliaries under Julius Aquila and King Cotys besiege the rebel forces of Siraces and Mithridates

  • 59 – Capture of Tigranocerta by Corbulo.

  • 62 – Battle of Rhandeia – Romans under Lucius Caesennius Paetus are defeated by a Parthian-Armenian army under King Tiridates of Parthia.

• Boudica's uprising (60-61) 

  • 60 – Battle of Camulodunum – Boudica begins her uprising against the Romans by capturing and then sacking Camulodunum then moves on Londinium.

  • 61 – Battle of Watling Street – Boudica is defeated by Suetonius Paullinus

• First Jewish–Roman War (66-73) 

  • 66 - Battle of Beth-Horon – Jewish forces led by Eleazar ben Simon defeat a Roman punitive force led by Cestius Gallus, Governor of Syria

  • 73 – Battle of Masada

• Roman Civil War of 68-69 AD 

  • 69 –

    • Winter – Battle of 'Forum Julii' Othonian forces defeat a small group of Vitellianist auxiliaries in Gallia Narbonensis

    • 14 April – Battle of Bedriacum – Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho and seizes the throne.

    • 24 October – Second Battle of Bedriacum – Forces under Antonius Primus, the commander of the Danube armies, loyal to Vespasian, defeat the forces of Emperor Vitellius.

• Domitian's Dacian War (87-88) 

  • 87 – Dacian King Decebalus crushes the Roman army at Tapae (today Transylvania, Romania), Legio V Alaudae and general Cornelius Fuscus perish in battle.

  • 88 – the Romans return and obtain a victory in the same battleground

 

2nd century

The extent of the Roman Empire under Trajan (117) The Empire is in red and dependencies are in pink.[1]

• First Dacian War (101-102) 

  • 101 – Second Battle of Tapae – Trajan defeats Decebalus, with heavy losses.

  • 102 – Battle of Adamclisi - Roman forces led by Trajan annihilate a mixed Dacian-Roxolano-Sarmatae army, with heavy casualties on the Roman side.

• Second Dacian War (105-106) 

  • 106 – Battle of Sarmisegetusa – A Roman army led by Trajan conquers and destroys the Dacian capital. Part of Dacia is annexed to the Roman Empire.

• Roman-Persian Wars 

  • 114-117 – Trajan invades Parthia and occupies Ctesiphon.

  • 161-165 – Roman–Parthian War — Vologases IV invades Armenia, but is pushed back and Ctesiphon is sacked.

  • 195-197 – Septimus Severus invades, sacks Ctesiphon, and acquires northern Mesopotamia.

• Kitos War (115-117)

• Second Jewish Revolt (132-135)

• Marcomannic Wars (166-180) 

  • 170 – Battle of Carnuntum – Marcomannic King Ballomar defeats the Roman Army and invade Italy.

  • 178-179 – Praetorian Prefect Teratenius Paternus defeats the Quadi.

  • 179 or 180 – Battle of Laugaricio – Marcus Valerius Maximianus defeats the Quadi in Slovakia.

• Roman Civil War of 193-197 AD 

  • 193 – Battle of Cyzicus – Septimius Severus, the new Emperor, defeats his eastern rival Pescennius Niger

  • 193 – Battle of Nicaea – Severus again defeats Niger

  • 194 – Battle of Issus – Severus finally defeats Niger.

  • 197, 17 February – Battle of Lugdunum – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats and kills his rival Clodius Albinus, securing full control over the Empire.

 

3rd century

The Empires of Gaul (green), Rome (red), and Palmyra (yellow) in 271.

See Crisis of the Third Century

• Persian wars 

  • 217 – Battle of Nisibis – Bloody stalemate between the Parthians and the Roman army under Emperor Macrinus.

  • 243 – Battle of Resaena – Roman forces under Gordian III defeat the Persians under Shapur I.

  • 260 – Battle of Edessa – Emperor Shapur I of Persia defeats and captures the Roman Emperor Valerian

  • 296 – Battle of Callinicum – Romans under the Caesar Galerius are defeated by the Persians under Narseh.

• Civil wars 

  • 218, 18 June – Battle of Antioch – Varius Avitus defeats Emperor Macrinus to claim the throne under the name Elagabalus.

  • 238 – Battle of Carthage – Troops loyal to the Roman Emperor Maximinus Thrax defeat and kill his successor Gordian II.

  • 274 – Battle of Châlons (274) – Aurelian defeats the Gallic usurper Tetricus, reestablishing central control of the whole empire.

  • 285 – Battle of the Margus – The usurper Diocletian defeats the army of the Emperor Carinus, who is killed.

• Gothic and Alamannic wars 

  • 250 – Battle of Philippopolis – King Cuiva of the Goths defeats a Roman army.

  • 251, 1 July – Battle of Abrittus – Goths defeat and kill the Roman Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus

  • 259 – Battle of Mediolanum – Emperor Gallienus decisively defeats the Alemanni that invaded Italy

  • 268 – Battle of Naissus – Emperor Gallienus and his generals Claudius and Aurelian decisively defeat the Goths.

  • 268 – Battle of Lake Benacus – Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alemanni

  • 271 – Battle of Placentia – Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alemanni forces invading Italy

  • 271 –Battle of Fano – Aurelian defeats the Alamanni, who begin to retreat from Italy

  • 271 –Battle of Pavia – Aurelian destroys the retreating Alemanni army.

  • 298 –Battle of Lingones – Caesar Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alemanni

  • 298 –Battle of Vindonissa – Constantius again defeats the Alamanni

• Palmyrene war 

  • 272 –Battle of Immae – Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra

  • 272 – Battle of Emesa – Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia.

 

4th century

The Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, with the territory of Constantius (yellow), Maximian (green), Galerius (pink), and Diocletian (purple)

The Roman Empire in 337, showing the Empire under Constantine (shaded purple) and other Roman dependencies (light purple).

The 4th century begins with civil war resulting in the ascendancy of Constantine I, then, after his death, wars with Persia and Germanic tribes, punctuated frequently with more civil wars.

• Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306-324) 

  • 312 –

    • Battle of Turin – Constantine I defeats forces loyal to Maxentius.

    • Battle of Verona – Constantine I defeats more forces loyal to Maxentius.

    • 28 October – Battle of Milvian Bridge – Constantine I defeats Maxentius and takes control of Italy.

  • 313, 30 October – Battle of Tzirallum – In the eastern part of the Empire, the forces of Licinius defeat Maximinus.

  • 314, 8 October – Battle of Cibalae – Constantine defeats Licinius

  • 316 – Battle of Mardia – Constantine again defeats Licinius, who cedes Illyricumto Constantine.

  • 324 –

    • 3 July – Battle of Adrianople – Constantine defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium

    • July – Battle of the Hellespont – Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, defeats the naval forces of Licinius

    • 18 September – Battle of Chrysopolis – Constantine decisively defeats Licinius, establishing his sole control over the empire.

• Wars with Persia (344-363) 

  • c. 344 – Battle of Singara – Emperor Constantius II fights an indecisive battle against King Shapur II of Persia

  • 359 – Battle of Amida – Sassanids capture Amida from Romans

  • 363 – Battle of Ctesiphon – Emperor Julian defeats Shapur II of Persia outside the walls of the Persian capital, but is unable to take the city, and his death leads to an ultimate disaster on the retreat back to Roman territory.

• Civil War (350-351) 

  • 351 – Battle of Mursa Major – Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius

  • 353 – Battle of Mons Seleucus – Final defeat of Magnentius by Constantius II

• Wars with Alemanni (356-367) 

  • 356 – Battle of Reims – Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alamanni

  • 357 – Battle of Strasbourg – Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland

  • 367 – Battle of Solicinium – Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion.

• Civil War – 366 – Battle of Thyatira – The army of the Roman emperor Valens defeats the usurper Procopius.

• Gothic War (376-382) 

  • 377 – Battle of the Willows – Roman troops fight an inconclusive battle against the Goths

  • 378 –

    • Battle of Argentovaria – Western Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alamanni, yet again.

    • 9 August – Battle of Adrianople – Thervings under Fritigern defeat and kill the Eastern Emperor Valens

  • 380 – Battle of Thessalonica – The new Eastern Emperor, Theodosius I, is also defeated by the Thervings under Fritigern.

• Civil War – 388 – Battle of the Save – Emperor Theodosius I defeats the usurper Magnus Maximus.

• Civil War – 394 – Battle of the Frigidus – Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius and his Frankish magister militum Arbogast.

 

5th century

Map showing the paths of invasion by various groups into Eastern and Western Roman territory

The 5th century involves the final fall of the Western Roman Empire to Goths, Vandals, Alans, Huns, and Franks.

• Wars with Gothic Tribes (402-419) 

  • 402 –

    • Battle of Pollentia – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric.

    • Battle of Verona – Stilicho defeats Alaric, who withdraws from Italy.

  • 406 – Battle of Mainz – Franks lose to Vandals, Suebi and Alans.

  • 410 – Sack of Rome – Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome.

  • 419 – Battle of the Nervasos Mountains – Romans and Suebi defeat Vandals and Alans.

• Civil War – 432 – Battle of Ravenna – Bonifacius defeats rival Roman general Flavius Aetius, but is mortally wounded in the process.

• War with Visigoths – 436 – Battle of Narbonne – Flavius Aetius again defeats the Visigoths led by Theodoric.

• War with the Huns (447-451) 

  • 447 – Battle of the Utus – The Romans in the East fight an indecisive battle with Huns led by Attila.

  • 451 – Battle of the Catalaunian Plains – The Romans with Flavius Aetius and the Visigoths with Theodoric, defend against Attila the Hun.

• Fall of the West (450-493) 

  • 455 – Sack of Rome by Geiseric, King of the Vandals

  • 463 – Battle of Orleans – Gallo-Roman and Salian Frank forces under the command of Aegidius defeat a force of Visigoths at Orleans.

  • 476 – Odoacer defeats the remnants of the Western Roman army, exiles emperor Romulus Augustulus, and declares himself King of Italy

  • 486 – Battle of Soissons – Clovis I defeats Syagrius, last Roman commander in Gaul, and annexes the Roman rump stateinto the Frankish realm.

  • 493 – Battle of Mons Badonicus – Romano-British under Ambrosius Aurelianus defeat Anglo-Saxons.

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BYZANTINE BATTLES :

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The following is a list of battles fought by the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, from the 6th century AD until its dissolution in the mid-15th century, organized by date. The list is not exhaustive. For battles fought by the Byzantine Empire's Roman predecessors, see List of Roman battles.

 

6th century

• 528 –

  • Battle of Thannuris – Sassanid Persians defeat Byzantines, death of Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith.

  • Battle of Mindouos – Sassanids defeat Belisarius

• 530 –

  • Battle of Dara – Belisarius defeats the Persians

  • Battle of Satala – Byzantine Empire defeats the Sassanid Empire

• 531 – Battle of Callinicum – Persian general Azarethes defeats Belisarius

• 533 –

  • 13 September Battle of Ad Decimum – Belisarius defeats Vandals near Carthage

  • 15 December Battle of Tricamarum – Belisarius defeats again the Vandals near Carthage.

• 535 –

  • Battle of Mammes

  • Battle of Bourgaon

• 536 – Siege of Naples – Byzantines capture Naples

• 537 – Battle of Scalas Veteres

• 537–38 – Siege of Rome – Byzantines defend Rome against the Ostrogoths

• 541 – Siege of Verona – Ostrogoths under Totila repel the Byzantines

• 542 –

  • Battle of Faventia – Ostrogoths under Totila defeat the combined Byzantine armies

  • Battle of Mucellium – Ostrogoths under Totila defeat the Byzantines

• 542–543 – Siege of Naples – Totila recaptures Naples

• 544 – Battle of Cillium – The Byzantine governor of Africa Solomon is killed by the Moors

• 546 – Sack of Rome by Totila, King of the Ostrogoths

• 548 – Battle of the Fields of Cato – The new Byzantine commander, John Troglita, crushes the Moorish uprising

• 551 – Battle of Sena Gallica – Byzantine fleet destroys the Ostrogothic navy

• 552 – Battle of Taginae – Narses replaces Belisarius and defeats Ostrogoths under Totila

• 553 – Battle of Mons Lactarius Narses defeats the Ostrogoths under Teia

• 554, October – Battle of the Volturnus – Narses defeats the Franks

• 555 – Siege of Phasis – Byzantine Empire defeats the Sassanid Empire

• 573 –

  • Siege of Nisibis – Failed Byzantine siege of Nisibis

  • Siege of Dara – Sassanid Empire captures the strategic fortress of Dara

• 576 – Battle of Melitene – Byzantine Empire defeats the Sassanid Empire

• 586 – Battle of Solachon – Byzantine Empire defeats the Sassanid Empire

• 588 – Battle of Martyropolis – Byzantine Empire defeats the Sassanid Empire

• 591 – Battle of Blarathon – Byzantines defeat Bahram Chobin and help Khosrau II to recover his throne

 

7th century

• 613 – Battle of Antioch

• 614 –

  • Siege of Caesarea

  • Siege of Jerusalem

• 626 – Siege of Constantinople

• 627 – Battle of Nineveh

• 634 –

  • Battle of Ajnadayn

  • Battle of Fahl

  • Siege of Damascus

  • Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj

• 635–636 – Siege of Emesa

• 636 – Battle of Yarmouk

• 637 –

  • Siege of Jerusalem

  • Battle of Hazir

• 637 –

  • Siege of Aleppo

  • Battle of the Iron Bridge

• 638 – Siege of Germanicia

• 640 – Battle of Heliopolis

• 641 – Siege of Alexandria

• 646 – Battle of Nikiou

• 647 – Battle of Sufetula

• 655 – Battle of the Masts

• 674–678 – Siege of Constantinople

• 680 – Battle of Ongal

• 682 or 683 – Battle of Vescera

• 692 – Battle of Sebastopolis

• 698 – Battle of Carthage

 

8th century

• 707–708 or 708–709 – Siege of Tyana – Umayyads besiege and capture Tyana

• 708 – Battle of Anchialus (708)

• 717–718 – Siege of Constantinople – Second and last siege of Constantinople by the Arabs

• 727 – Siege of Nicaea – Unsuccessful siege of Nicaea by the Arabs

• 740 – Battle of Akroinon – Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian destroys an Arab invasion force

• 756 – Battle of Marcellae

• 759 – Battle of the Rishki Pass

• 763 – Battle of Anchialus

• 766 – Siege of Kamacha – Unsuccessful Abbasid siege of the fort of Kamacha

• 774 – Battle of Berzitia

• 782 – Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor – Harun al-Rashid leads his troops as far as Chrysopolis

• 788 – Battle of Kopidnadon – Byzantines defeated by Abbasid invasion

• 792 – Battle of Marcellae

 

9th century

• 804 – Battle of Krasos – Abbasid army defeats emperor Nikephoros I

• 806 – Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor – Harun al-Rashid invades Asia Minor and sacks Heraclea

• 811 – Battle of Pliska – Emperor Nikephoros I is defeated by Bulgarian army

• 827–828 – Siege of Syracuse – Unsuccessful siege of Syracuse by the Aghlabids

• 838 –

  • Battle of Anzen – Emperor Theophilos is defeated by the Abbasids under Afshin.

  • Sack of Amorium – Abbasids under Caliph al-Mu'tasim besiege and sack the city of Amorium

• 844 – Battle of Mauropotamos – Abbasid army defeats the Byzantines under Theoktistos

• 853 – Sack of Damietta – Byzantine fleet raids and captures the port of Damietta in Egypt

• 862 – Capture of Faruriyyah – Abbasids capture the border fortress of Farurriyah

• 863 – Battle of Lalakaon – Byzantine army under Petronas annihilates the army of Malatya and kills its emir, Umar al-Aqta

• 868 – Siege of Ragusa – Byzantine fleet under Niketas Ooryphas relieves Ragusa and restores Byzantine control over Dalmatia

• 872 or 878 – Battle of Bathys Ryax – The Byzantines defeat the Paulicians and kill their leader, Chrysocheir

• 872 or 873 – Battle of Kardia – Byzantine fleet under Niketas Ooryphas defeats the Cretan Saracens under the renegade Photios

• 873 or 879 – Battle of the Gulf of Corinth – Byzantine fleet under Niketas Ooryphas defeats the Cretan Saracens under the renegade Photios

• 877–878 – Siege of Syracuse – Fall of Syracuse to the Aghlabids

• 880 –

  • Battle of Cephalonia – Nasar defeats an Aghlabid fleet raiding western Greece in a night battle

  • Battle of Stelai – Nasar defeats an Aghlabid fleet off Calabria

• 896 – Battle of Boulgarophygon – Bulgarian Army defeats Byzantines under Leo Katakalon

 

10th century

• 904 Sack of Thessalonica

• 917 –

  • Battle of Achelous

  • Battle of Katasyrtai

• 922 – Battle of Pegae

• 941 – Rus' raid against Constantinople and Bithynia

• 953 – Battle of Marash

• 958 – Battle of Raban

• 960 – Battle of Andrassos

• 965 – Battle of the Straits – Fatimid fleet destroys a Byzantine invasion fleet under Niketas Abalantes

• 970 – Battle of Arcadiopolis

• 970–971 – Siege of Dorostolon

• 971 – Battle of Alexandretta

• 986 – Battle of the Gates of Trajan

• 994 – Battle of the Orontes

• 995 – Battle of Thessalonica

• 997 – Battle of Spercheios

• 998 – Battle of Apamea

 

11th century

• 1004 –

  • Battle of Skopje

  • Battle of Thessalonica

• 1009 – Battle of Kreta

• 1014 –

  • Battle of Thessalonica

  • Battle of Kleidion

  • Battle of Strumica

• 1015 – Battle of Bitola

• 1017 – Battle of Setina

• 1018 –

  • Battle of Dyrrhachium

  • Battle of Cannae

• 1021 – Battle of Shirimni

• 1022 – Battle of Svindax

• 1024 – Battle of Lemnos

• 1030 – Battle of Azaz

• 1040 –

  • Battle of Thessalonica

  • Battle of Thessalonica

• 1041 –

  • Battle of Ostrovo

  • Battle of Olivento

  • Battle of Montemaggiore

  • Battle of Montepeloso

• 1043 – Rus' raid into the Aegean Sea

• 1047 – Battle of Sasireti

• 1048 – Battle of Kapetron

• 1054 – Battle of Manzikert

• 1067 – Battle of Caesarea

• 1068–71 – Siege of Bari

• 1069 – Battle of Iconium

• 1071 – Battle of Manzikert

• 1078 – Battle of Kalavrye

• 1081 – Battle of Dyrrhachium

• 1091 – Battle of Levounion

• 1097 – Siege of Nicaea

 

12th century

• 1113 – Siege of Nicaea

• 1117 – Battle of Philomelion

• 1122 – Battle of Beroia

• 1167 – Battle of Sirmium

• 1176 – Battle of Myriokephalon

• 1177 – Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir

• 1185 –

  • Sack of Thessalonica

  • Battle of Demetritzes

• 1187 – Siege of Lovech

• 1190 – Battle of Tryavna

• 1194 – Battle of Arcadiopolis

• 1196 – Battle of Serres

 

13th century

• 1201 – Siege of Varna

• 1203 – Siege of Constantinople – First attack on Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, deposition of Alexios III Angelos

• 1204 – Siege of Constantinople – Second attack and capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, dissolution of the Byzantine Empire, establishment of the Latin Empire

• 1205 –

  • Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras

  • Battle of Adramyttium

• 1205–06 – Siege of Trebizond

• 1207 – Siege of Attalia

• 1211 –

  • Battle of Antioch on the Meander

  • Battle of the Rhyndacus

• 1214 – Siege of Sinope

• 1222–23 – Siege of Trebizond

• 1223 or 1224 – Battle of Poimanenon

• 1230 – Battle of Klokotnitsa – Bulgarians defeat and capture Theodore Komnenos Doukas

• 1235 – Siege of Constantinople – Unsuccessful joint Bulgarian–Nicaean siege of Constantinople

• 1254 – Battle of Adrianople

• 1259 – Battle of Pelagonia

• 1260 – Siege of Constantinople

• 1263 –

  • Battle of Prinitza

  • Battle of Settepozzi

• 1263 or 1264 – Battle of Makryplagi

• 1272/73 or 1274/75 –

  • Battle of Neopatras

  • Battle of Demetrias

• 1279 – Battle of Devina

• 1280–81 – Siege of Berat

 

14th century

• 1304 –

  • Battle of Bapheus – First Ottoman victory over the regular Byzantine army

  • Battle of Skafida – Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines

• 1305 - Battle of Apros -The Catalan Company defeats the Byzantines

• 1320–26 – Siege of Prussa – The Ottomans capture the city of Prussa, which becomes their capital

• 1329 – Battle of Pelekanon – The Ottomans defeat the last Byzantine attempt to defend Asia Minor

• 1328–31 – Siege of Nicaea – Ottomans capture the city of Nicaea

• 1332 – Battle of Rusokastro – Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines

• 1333–37 – Siege of Nicomedia – Fall of Nicomedia to the Ottomans

• 1354 – Fall of Gallipoli – Capture of Gallipoli by the Ottomans, first Ottoman stronghold in Europe

• 1366 – Reconquest of Gallipoli – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy, recovers Gallipoli for the Byzantines

• 1390 – Fall of Philadelphia – Ottomans capture Philadelphia, the last Byzantine stronghold in Asia

 

15th century

• 1411 – Siege of Constantinople – Ottomans besiege Constantinople

• 1422 – Siege of Constantinople – Ottomans besiege Constantinople

• 1422–30 – Siege of Thessalonica – Ottomans besiege and capture Thessalonica (after 1423 held by Venice)

• 1427 – Battle of the Echinades

• 1453 – Fall of Constantinople – Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire

• 1461 – Siege of Trebizond – Sultan Mehmed II captures Trebizond, ending the Empire of Trebizond  .

 

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link:

https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles.html

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