634. - Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert
637 - The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty
638. - The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control
642
The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt
644
After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph
656
Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra
661
Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty
670
The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa
With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate
674
A Muslim fleet attacking Constantinople is deterred by the first known use of the Byzantine secret recipe for 'Greek fire'
691
The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem
c. 700
Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam
711
Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo
718
Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias
732
The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours
750
The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate
751
A battle at the Talas river, between the Chinese and the Arabs, is a decisive victory for the Arabs
756
Abd-ar-Rahman, escaping from the massacre of his family in Syria, establishes a new Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba
762
The Abbasid caliphs create Baghdad as a new capital city on the Tigris
1285 - Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks
1354 - Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe
1389 - Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state
1393 - The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control
1402 -The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year
1443 - Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks
c. 1450 - Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries
1453 - The Fall of Constantinople, on May 29th, saw the city conquered by the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines never had the funds to hire the canons of Orban. Many Orthodox flee to Russia, some Orthodox say "Moscow is the 3d Rome" (schism in Orthodoxy? as many would deny this??) until 1917.
The Turks terrify Constantinople by lobbing vast stones at the city from a 19-ton bombard of cast iron
Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city
The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks
1460 - The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century
1462 - Mehmed II, conqueror of Constantinople, begins to build Topkapi Sarayi as his palace
1464 - Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam
1468 - Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire
c. 1480 - The name of Constantinople changes to Istanbul, a word based on the everyday Greek name for the city
1492 - Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain
1504 - Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire
1517 - The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east
From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate
1521 - The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade
1526 - In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India
1527 - Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India
1529 - The Siege of Vienna refers to two key historical events in Austrian history involving Muslim (specifically Ottoman) forces: the siege of 1529 and the siege and subsequent Battle of Vienna in 1683.
1530 - The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun
1541 - Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary
1543 - Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India
1547 - Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I
1555 - Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne
1556 - Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen
1557 - Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul
1571 - Akbar builds his new palace of Fatehpur Sikri close to the shrine of a Sufi saint
Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto
1573 - The tomb in Delhi of the Mughal emperor Humayun introduces the shape of dome which characterizes his dynasty's architecture
1574 - The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates
1605 - On the death of Akbar, his son Jahangir succeeds to the Mughal throne
1609 = The Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins to rise in Istanbul like a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia
1615 - Sir Thomas Roe, the first British ambassador to India, arrives at the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir
The Mughal school of painting reaches a peak of perfection in the reign of Jahangir
1632 - Shah Jahan orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed, ending the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance
Shah Jahan begins building the Taj Mahal as a memorial for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal
1646 - A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire
1658 - For the final years of his life Shah Jahan is held a prisoner, by his son Aurangzeb, in Agra's Red Fort
1673 - The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb begins building the great Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.
1683 - and the siege and subsequent Battle of Vienna.
1707 - The death of Aurangzeb introduces the long period of decline of the Mughal empire
1739 - The Persian ruler Nadir Shah enters Delhi and removes much of the accumulated treasure of the Mughal empire
1757 - Robert Clive defeats the nawab of Bengal at the battle of Plassey, and places his own man on the throne
1774 - In the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, ending the recent Russo-Turkish war, the Ottoman empire cedes the Crimea to Russia
The treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji grants Russia special rights in relation to the Christian Holy Places under Ottoman control
1806 - Karageorge captures Belgrade and wins a limited independence for Serbia within the Ottoman empire
1820 - The Eastern Question, concerning Turkey's ability to control its vast empire, becomes a persistent nineteenth-century theme
1821 - An uprising in Greece against Turkish rule is followed by the massacre of several thousand Muslims
1827 - Britain, France and Russia, supporting Greek independence, defeat the Turkish and Egyptian fleets at Navarino
1840 - Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt
1841 - The Straits Convention, agreed between the European powers and Turkey, is a concerted attempt to prop up the Ottoman empire
1844 - The Russian tsar, Nicholas I, calls Turkey 'the sick man of Europe'
1852 - France demands that Turkey should end Russia's exclusive control of the Christian Holy Places in the Ottoman empire
Russia insists that her exclusive rights over the Holy Places are enshrined in the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji
1853 - In a worsening diplomatic crisis, Russia puts her Black Sea fleet in a state of alert at Sebastopol
France and Britain despatch their fleets to the Dardanelles, in readiness to go through the Straits to the Black Sea
Russia occupies two Ottoman principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, on the west coast of the Black Sea
In the expectation of British and French support, the Ottoman sultan declares war on Russia - launching the Crimean War
1854 - British and French warships move up through the Straits and enter the Black Sea in support of Turkey
British and French troops land at Sebastopol, to besiege the port, and win a limited victory over the Russians at the river Alma
1855 - After a siege of nearly a year the Russians abandon Sebastopol, but the Turkish alliance is too exhausted to pursue the conflict
1856 - The treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War, limiting Russia's special powers in relation to Turkey
1857 - Animal fat on a new issue of cartridges sparks off the Indian Mutiny, also know as the First War of Indian Independence
1858 - The end of the Indian Mutiny is followed by brutal British retaliation
The India Act places India under the direct control of the British government, ending the rule of the East India Company
The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is deposed by the British and exiled to Rangoon, in Burma
1885 - A secret revolutionary group (Union and Progress, later known as the Young Turks) is formed in Salonika in the Ottoman empire
1908 - The Young Turks of Salonika organize a successful uprising against the autocracy of the Ottoman sultan
Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declares his country's independence from Ottoman rule and calls himself Tsar Ferdinand I
1912 - A national uprising against Turkish rule in Albania launches a full-scale Balkan war
Turkey, beset by troubles elsewhere, cedes to Italy her north African province of Libya
An Albanian uprising against the Ottoman empire is so successful that the Albanians are able to capture Skopje in Macedonia
By a prearranged plan Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia together launch the First Balkan War against Turkey
An armistice agreed between the Ottoman empire and three of the Balkan states ends the war in the Balkans
1913 - Bulgaria launches the Second Balkan War, in the end to the great detriment of Bulgarian interests
The Balkan states and the Ottoman empire agree an armistice in Bucharest, ending the Second Balkan War
A coup led by Enver Pasha brings the Young Turks to power in Istanbul
1914 - August 2 - Germany and the Ottoman empire sign a secret treaty of alliance
October 29 - Turkey, launching an attack on Russian ports in the Black Sea, enters the war on the German side
November 2 - Russia declares war on the Ottoman empire
November 5 - Britain and France declare war on the Ottoman empire
1916 - June 5 - Sharif Hussein, the emir of Mecca, proclaims himself the leader of the Muslim world, thus launching an Arab revolt against the Ottoman empire
1918 - October 30 - an armistice is signed between Turkey and the Allies on the warship Agamemnon in the Greek port of Mudros
1920 - August - a punitive peace treaty, negotiated at Sèvres, is designed to dismember the Ottoman empire
August 10 - the sultan of Turkey signs the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allies but it is rejected by the new nationalist government
1922 - The nationalist government in Turkey abolishes the sultanate and the last Ottoman emperor, Mehmed VI, goes into exile.
Source- https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191737633.timeline.0001
